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Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1683-3

摘要：

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater.

关键词： Blackwater Water-flushing toilet Sanitation Nutrient recovery Water reuse Sustainable development

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水的良性社会循环与城市水资源

李圭白,李星

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第6期页码 37-40

摘要：

文章从水的社会循环全过程的角度，论述了城市水资源短缺危机的解决途径，指出进行城市污水和工业废水的处理和回用，节约用水，进行饮用水除污染处理，以及进行水的优质优用，合理调配，开发雨水、海水利用等，以及在充分论证基础上进行远距离调水，是缓解城市水资源危机的多种可能途径。

关键词：城市水资源水的良性社会循环节水污废水回用

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Managing water for life

Daniel P. LOUCKS, Haifeng JIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 255-264 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0359-6

摘要： Water is essential for life. In spite of the entire engineering infrastructure devoted to the treatment, regulation and beneficial uses of water, occasionally sufficient quantities and qualities of water become scarce. When this happens, just how do we decide how much less water to allocate to all of us and the activities we engage in to sustain and enhance our quality of life? This paper addresses some of the complexities of answering such a question, especially as society increasingly recognizes the need to provide flow regimes that will maintain healthy aquatic and floodplain ecosystems that also impact the economic, physical and even the spiritual quality of our lives. For we depend on these ecosystems to sustain our wellbeing. We are indeed a part of our ecosystems. We depend upon on aquatic ecosystems to moderate river flow qualities and quantities, reduce the extremes of floods and droughts, reduce erosion, detoxify and decompose waterborne wastes, generate and preserve flood plain soils and renew their fertility, regulate disease carrying organisms, and to enhance recreational benefits of river systems. This question of deciding just how much water to allocate to each water user and for the maintenance of viable aquatic ecosystems, especially when there is not enough, is a complex, and largely political, issue. This issue is likely to become even more complex and political and contentious in the future as populations grow and as water quantities and their qualities become even more variable and uncertain.

关键词： water stress aquatic ecosystems sustainable water resource allocations ecosystem water requirements

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Water resource conservation promotes synergy between economy and environment in China’s northern drylands

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1462-y

摘要：

•Considering evenness provides a more accurate assessment of sustainable development.

关键词： Water conservation Environmental protection Industry transformation Evenness Sustainable development Dryland

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中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告

中国工程院"21世纪中国可持续发展水资源战略研究"项目组

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第8期页码 1-17

摘要：

我国水资源总量28000×10⁸m³，按1997年人口计算，人均水资源量为2220m³，预测到2030年人口增至16×10⁸时，人均水资源量将降到1760m³。按国际上一般承认的标准，人均水资源量少于1700m³为用水紧张的国家，我国未来水资源的形势是严峻的。

50年来，全国用水总量从1949年的1 000多亿m³增加到1997年的5 566 × 10⁸ m³,其中农业用水占75.3%，工业20.2%,城镇生活4.5%,人均综合用水量从不足200 m³增加到458 m³。当前面临的问题是，防洪安全仍缺乏保障；水资源的紧缺与用水的浪费并存；水土资源过度开发造成对生态环境的破坏；水环境恶化和水质污染迅速扩展，已到极为严重的程度。

研究报告指出，通过建设节水高效的现代农业，我国可以基本立足于现有规模的耕地和灌溉用水量，满足今后16×10⁸人口的农产品需要；预测我国用水高峰将在2030年前后出现，用水总量为（7 000〜8 000) × 10⁸ m³/a,人均综合用水量为400〜500 m³/a;全国实际可能利用的水资源量约为（8 000〜9 500) × 10⁸m³,需水量已接近可能利用水量的极限；必须严格控制人口的继续增长，同时加强需水管理，做到在人口达到零增长后，需水也逐步达到零增长；我国水资源的总体战略必须以水资源的可持续利用支持经济的可持续发展，建议从防洪减灾、农业用水、城市和工业用水、防污减灾、生态环境建设、水资源的供需平衡、北方水资源问题及西北地区水资源问题等8个方面实行战略性转变；同时必须进行水资源管理体制、水资源投资机制和水价政策的3项改革。

关键词：水资源防洪减灾农业用水城市和工业用水生态环境建设可持续发展

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基于水资源约束的我国城市发展策略研究

吴志强,刘晓畅,刘琦,乔壬路,刘治宇,杨婷,严娟,姬凌云

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第5期页码 75-88 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.05.010

摘要：

水资源是城市发展的基础性自然资源和战略性经济资源，是城市生态环境的控制性要素，是城市空间的基本底色。我国水资源分布不平衡、区域结构性缺水、水污染等问题严峻，制约了城市的发展，亟需以城市为独立研究单元进行全域诊断与推演，对全国的城市水环境和用水特征进行分析并制定策略。本文通过对我国八大综合经济区的369 个城市的水情总体特征以及关键要素时空分布格局进行分析，揭示了我国800 mm等雨量线、降水总量与水资源总量关系的演进规律；从未来推演视角，预测了我国369 个城市2035 年水平衡发展情势；在此基础上，聚焦城市用水需求与水资源供给之间的矛盾，将我国的城市划分为“城渴型”“产旱型”“房淹型”3 类，分别阐述3 类城市的水环境特征和空间分布。最后，本文提出了适应水条件的我国城市发展政策建议，包括“以水定城”的新型城镇化对策、“以水定产”的城市产业发展对策和“以水定人”的城市人口发展对策，以期对我国今后城市发展布局提供参考。

关键词：水资源；城渴型；产旱型；房淹型；以水定城；水情推演

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An evaluation model of water-saving reconstruction projects based on resource value flows

Runwen JIANG, Xiaohong CHEN, Lingchu ZHAO, Zhifang ZHOU, Tao ZHANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 257-267 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0144-y

摘要： Due to uncertainties in water supply, there is growing demand for water resource management in enterprises. In this study, we evaluated the effects of companies’ water-saving reconstruction projects. We used Hina Advanced Materials Company as a case to construct an investment decision model to (1) calculate the internal and external costs of water resources based on circular economic value analysis theory, and (2) locate the level of water resources circulation. We adopted gray situation decision analysis to identify the typical problems that occur in water resource utilization. Moreover, we demonstrated optimization plans for different potential improvements, thereby providing guidance and references for water resource cost management and the comprehensive optimization of environmental benefits. We concluded that the circulation economic value analysis model can effectively display the flow and amount of value derived from water resource flows, thereby providing guidance and suggestions for optimizing water resource flows.

关键词： value flow analysis ternary materials enterprises grey situation decision analysis water resources

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Novel perspective for urban water resource management:

Lijie Zhou, Hongwu Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jian Zhang, Hongbin Chen, Xuejun Bi, Xiaohu Dai, Siqing Xia, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Bruce E. Rittmann

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1308-z

摘要： Abstract • 5R (Recover, Reduce, Recycle, Resource and Reuse) approaches to manage urban water. • 5R harvests storm water, gray water and black water in several forms. • 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity in practice. Demand for water is expanding with increases in population, particularly in urban areas in developing countries. Additionally, urban water system needs a novel perspective for upgradation with urbanization. This perspective presents a novel 5R approach for managing urban water resources: Recover (storm water), Reduce (toilet flushing water), Recycle (gray water), Resource (black water), and Reuse (advanced-treated wastewater). The 5R generation incorporates the latest ideas for harvesting storm water, gray water, and black water in its several forms. This paper has briefly demonstrated each R of 5R generation for water treatment and reuse. China has the chance to upgrade its urban water systems according to 5R principles. Already, a demonstration project of 5R generation has been installed in Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition, and Dalian International Convention Center (China) has applied 5R, achieving over 70% water saving. The 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity from “hoped for in the future” to “realistic today”.

关键词： 5R generation Recover Reduce Recycle Resource Reuse

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New approaches to water purification for resource-constrained settings: Production of activated biochar

Mohit Nahata, Chang Y. Seo, Pradeep Krishnakumar, Johannes Schwank

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 194-208 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1647-x

摘要： A significant portion of the world’s population does not have access to safe drinking water. This problem is most acute in remote, resource-constrained rural settings in developing countries. Water filtration using activated carbon is one of the important steps in treating contaminated water. Lignocellulosic biomass is generally available in abundance in such locations, such as the African rain forests. Our work is focused on developing a simple method to synthesize activated biochar from locally available materials. The preparation of activated biochar with diammonium hydrogenphosphate (DAP) as the activating agent is explored under N flow and air. The study, carried out with cellulose as a model biomass, provides some insight into the interaction between DAP and biomass, as well as the char forming mechanism. Various characterization techniques such as N physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are utilized to compare the properties between biochar formed under nitrogen and partial oxidative conditions. At a temperature of 450 °C, the loading of DAP over cellulose is systematically varied, and its effect on activation is examined. The activated biochar samples are predominantly microporous in the range of concentrations studied. The interaction of DAP with cellulose is investigated and the nature of bonding of the heteroatoms to the carbonaceous matrix is elucidated. The results indicate that the quality of biochar prepared under partial oxidation condition is comparable to that of biochar prepared under nitrogen, leading to the possibility of an activated biochar production scheme on a small scale in resource-constrained settings.

关键词： cellulose DAP activation heteroatom microporous

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Sea salt bittern-driven forward osmosis for nutrient recovery from black water: A dual waste-to-resource

Wenchao Xue, May Zaw, Xiaochan An, Yunxia Hu, Allan Sriratana Tabucanon

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1211-7

摘要： • A dual “waste-to-resource” application of FO was proposed. • Performance of sea salt bittern as an economic FO draw solution was evaluated. • High quality struvite recovery from black water using FO was demonstrated. • Feed pH is a key factor to control the form of recovered phosphorous. A dual “waste-to-resource” innovation in nutrient enrichment and recovery from domestic black water using a sea salt bittern (SSB)-driven forward osmosis (FO) process is proposed and demonstrated. The performance of SSB as a “waste-to-resource” draw solution for FO was first evaluated. A synthetic SSB-driven FO provided a water flux of 25.67±3.36 L/m2⋅h, which was 1.5‒1.7 times compared with synthetic seawater, 1 M NaCl, and 1 M MgCl2. Slightly compromised performance regarding reverse solute selectivity was observed. In compensation, the enhanced reverse diffusion of Mg2+ suggested superior potential in terms of recovering nutrients in the form of struvite precipitation. The nutrient enrichment was performed using both the pre-filtered influent and effluent of a domestic septic tank. Over 80% of phosphate-P recovery was achieved from both low- and high-strength black water at a feed volume reduction up to 80%‒90%. With an elevated feed pH (~9), approximately 60%‒85% enriched phosphate-P was able to be recovered in the form of precipitated stuvite. Whereas the enrichment performance of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) largely differed depending on the strength of black water. Improved concentration factor (i.e., 3-folds) and retention (>60%) of TKN was obtained in the high-nutrient-strength black water at a feed volume reduction of 80%, in comparison with a weak TKN enrichment observed in low-strength black water. The results suggested a good potential for nutrient recovery based on this dual “waste-to-resource” FO system with proper management of membrane cleaning.

关键词： Forward osmosis Sea salt bittern Black water Nutrient recovery pH

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Approaches to achieve high grain yield and high resource use efficiency in rice

Jianchang YANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 115-123 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015055

摘要： This article discusses approaches to simultaneously increase grain yield and resource use efficiency in rice. Breeding nitrogen efficient cultivars without sacrificing rice yield potential, improving grain fill in later-flowering inferior spikelets and enhancing harvest index are three important approaches to achieving the dual goal of high grain yield and high resource use efficiency. Deeper root distribution and higher leaf photosynthetic N use efficiency at lower N rates could be used as selection criteria to develop N-efficient cultivars. Enhancing sink activity through increasing sugar-spikelet ratio at the heading time and enhancing the conversion efficiency from sucrose to starch though increasing the ratio of abscisic acid to ethylene in grains during grain fill could effectively improve grain fill in inferior spikelets. Several practices, such as post-anthesis controlled soil drying, an alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime during the whole growing season, and non-flooded straw mulching cultivation, could substantially increase grain yield and water use efficiency, mainly via enhanced remobilization of stored carbon from vegetative tissues to grains and improved harvest index. Further research is needed to understand synergistic interaction between water and N on crop and soil and the mechanism underlying high resource use efficiency in high-yielding rice.

关键词： rice nitrogen-efficient cultivar grain fill harvest index nitrogen use efficiency water use efficiency

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王光谦：全球水循环与水资源利用（2019年10月17日）

王光谦(院士)

2021年01月20日

关键词：自然保护

秦巴山脉区域水资源经济可持续发展研究

侯立安,张林,李鸽,何强

《中国工程科学》 2020年第22卷第1期页码 32-38 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.01.012

摘要：

水资源的安全问题及其可持续发展是秦巴山脉绿色循环发展的关键环节，对寻求区域绿色循环发展路径具有重要意义。本文梳理了秦巴山脉区域内节水型社会建设、农村饮用水安全保障、水资源费改税及水权试点建设等发展现状，分析了水源利用、用水意识、污染治理、资源改革等方面面临的问题；依据国家相关规划，提出了以节约优先、完善机制、科技支撑为主的区域水资源经济总体发展思路。研究给出了秦巴山脉水资源经济可持续发展的战略对策：落实国家节水行动方案，提高非常规水源利用率；完善农村污水处理设施建设，加强农村饮水安全保障；推进水价体制改革，完善水权制度建设；依托资源优势，创新水经济发展模式。通过协调统筹“水资源– 水环境– 水生态– 水产业– 水文化”，支撑实现秦巴山脉水资源经济的可持续发展。

关键词：秦巴山脉区域水资源经济可持续发展制度建设技术支撑

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我国农业水土资源监测与信息服务体系发展战略研究

查燕,吴文斌,余强毅,梁社芳,陆苗,钱建平,唐华俊

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第1期页码 64-72 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.008

摘要：

耕地和水资源极为宝贵，农业水土资源的合理开发利用事关国家粮食安全、生态安全与资源安全；实时准确地监测并获取农业水土资源数量及其利用状况信息，对国家稳定、民生福祉、经济社会至关重要。本文梳理了我国农业水土资源监测与信息服务体系发展现状和面临的问题，阐述了水土资源监测与信息服务管理系统构架，针对性提出了领域发展目标：提高农业水土资源利用率和产出率、优化水土资源空间配置，实现农业资源环境监测的自动化、智能化、无人化以及监测信息服务的市场化、社会化。研究分析了在信息技术与农业深度融合的新形势下，未来我国农业水土资源监测的技术发展路线，从基础设施建设、核心技术研发与集成、信息服务三方面提出了重大项目建议。研究认为，加强顶层统筹布局规划，加大科技创新，搭建重要农业资源监测共享平台，推动“政产学研用”协同发展，注重高端人才培养，可为我国农业水土资源监测发展提供坚实保障。

关键词：农业水资源土地资源资源监测信息服务 “天空地”一体化

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能源“金三角”煤炭现代开采水资源及地表生态保护技术

顾大钊

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第4期页码 102-107

摘要：

晋陕蒙宁甘地区是我国的能源“金三角”。该地区煤炭储量和产量均占我国的三分之二左右，已成为我国煤炭开发的主战场，但该地区水资源仅占全国的3.9 %。针对该地区煤炭现代开采与水资源短缺和生态脆弱的矛盾，以神东矿区现代煤炭开采为工程依托，创新研究方法，揭示了该地区现代开采水资源的运移规律和地表生态“自修复”规律，首次开发了煤矿分布式地下水库技术和应用“自修复”规律的地表生态主动性减损及修复技术，建立了示范工程，为煤炭开采水资源和地表生态保护探索了一条新的技术途径。

关键词：能源“金三角” 煤炭现代开采水资源及地表生态保护技术